Lockheed Have Blue

Have Blue
Have Blue "HB1001" in Alan Brown's camouflage paint scheme
Role	Stealth demonstrator
Manufacturer	Lockheed Skunk Works
First flight	1 December 1977
Retired	1979 (crashed)
Status	Planes destroyed in crashes
Primary user	Lockheed
Produced	1977–1978
Number built	2
Program cost	US$35 million (1978)
Developed into	Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk

Lockheed Have Blue was the code name for Lockheed's demonstrator (i.e., "proof of concept") that preceded the F-117 Nighthawk production stealth aircraft. Have Blue was designed by Lockheed's Skunk Works division, and tested at Groom Lake, Nevada. The Have Blue was the first fixed-wing aircraft whose external shape was defined by radar engineering rather than by aerospace engineering. The aircraft's plate-like, faceted shape was designed to deflect electromagnetic waves in directions other than that of the originating radar emitter, greatly reducing its radar cross-section. Two flyable vehicles were constructed, but both crashed during the flight-test program.

In the 1970s, it became increasingly apparent to U.S. planners that, in a military confrontation with Warsaw Pact forces, NATO aircraft would quickly suffer heavy losses. This came as a result of sophisticated Soviet defense networks, which used surveillance radars and radar-guided surface-to-air missiles (SAM) and anti-aircraft artillery to seek and eliminate enemy aircraft. Consequently, the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) started a study on low-observability aircraft, seeking to design and produce an operational stealth aircraft. Five companies were initially invited, three of which bowed out early. The remaining two were later joined by Lockheed.

To design the aircraft, the Skunk Works' design team devised a computer program to calculate the radar cross-sections (RCS) of various designs. The eventual design characteristically featured faceted surfaces to deflect radar waves away from a radar receiver. It had highly-swept wings and inward-canted vertical stabilizers, which led to its being nicknamed "Hopeless Diamond". The first operational aircraft made its maiden flight on 1 December 1977. The flight test program validated the feasibility of a flyable stealth aircraft. However, both prototypes were lost due to mechanical problems. Nevertheless, Have Blue was deemed a success, paving the way for the first operational stealth aircraft, Senior Trend, or F-117 Nighthawk.

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