List of pharaohs

Pharaoh of Egypt
The Pschent combined the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt.
A typical depiction of a pharaoh.
Details
Style	Five-name titulary
First monarch	Narmer (a.k.a. Menes)
Last monarch	Nectanebo II (last native) Cleopatra & Caesarion (last actual)
Formation	c. 3100 BC
Abolition	343 BC (last native pharaoh) 30 BC (last Greek pharaohs)
Residence	Varies by era
Appointer	Divine right

This article contains a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period before 3100 BC through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, when Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC.

Note that the dates given are approximate. The list of pharaohs presented below is based on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.

Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records: Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as Manetho's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and Historians alike call for caution about the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report. An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective.

The following ancient king lists are known (given here by dynasties):

Lower Egypt geographically consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile delta. The following list may not be complete:

Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 00.

The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete. Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as "Dynasty 0".

The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC.

The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.