Lip smacking
| Dystonia | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| A person with medication-induced dystonia. | |
| Specialty | Neurology |
| Classification | |
|---|---|
| External resources |
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder syndrome in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures. The movements may resemble a tremor. Dystonia is often intensified or exacerbated by physical activity, and symptoms may progress into adjacent muscles.
The disorder may be hereditary or caused by other factors such as birth-related or other physical trauma, infection, poisoning (e.g., lead poisoning) or reaction to pharmaceutical drugs, particularly neuroleptics. Treatment must be highly customized to the needs of the individual and may include oral medications, chemodenervation botulinum neurotoxin injections, physical therapy and/or other supportive therapies, and/or surgical procedures such as deep brain stimulation.
There are multiple types of dystonia, and many diseases and conditions may cause dystonia.
Dystonia is classified by
Physicians use these classifications to guide diagnosis and treatment.
For example, dystonia musculorum deformans (Oppenhiem, Flatau-Sterling syndrome):
Also known as torsion dystonia or idiopathic torsion dystonia (old terminology "dystonia musculorum deformans").
These are the most common dystonias and tend to be classified as follows:
The combination of blepharospasmodic contractions and oromandibular dystonia is called cranial dystonia or Meige's syndrome.
Segmental dystonias affect two adjoining parts of the body:
There is a group called myoclonic dystonia where some cases are hereditary and have been associated with a missense mutation in the dopamine-D2 receptor. Some of these cases have responded well to alcohol.
...
Wikipedia