Lee Shulman

Lee S. Shulman (born September 28, 1938) is an educational psychologist who has made notable contributions to the study of teaching, assessment of teaching, and the fields of medicine, science and mathematics. He is a professor emeritus at Stanford Graduate School of Education, past president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, past president of the American Educational Research Association, and the recipient of several awards recognizing his educational research. From 1963 to 1982, Shulman was a faculty member at Michigan State University, where he founded and co-directed the Institute for Research on Teaching (IRT).

Among his many achievements, Shulman is credited with popularizing the phrase "pedagogical content knowledge" (PCK). Shulman is the 2006 recipient of the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Education. He received the Grawemeyer Award for his 2004 book, The Wisdom of Practice: Essays on Teaching, Learning and Learning to Teach.

In 1986, Shulman claimed that the emphases on teachers' subject knowledge and pedagogy were being treated as mutually exclusive. He believed that teacher education programs should combine the two knowledge fields. To address this dichotomy, he introduced the notion of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) that includes pedagogical knowledge and content knowledge, among other categories (Hlas & Hilderbrandt, 2010). His initial description of teacher knowledge included curriculum knowledge, and knowledge of educational contexts.

Pedagogical knowledge means the “how” of teaching, generally acquired through education coursework and personal experiences. Content knowledge, on the other hand, is the “what” of teaching. It is different from the knowledge of a disciplinary expert and from general pedagogical knowledge.

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