Kriegsmarine
| Kriegsmarine (KM) | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Active | 1935–45 |
| Country |
 Germany
|
| Branch | Wehrmacht |
| Type | Navy |
| Size | 810,000 peak in 1944 1,500,000 (total who served 1939-45) |
| Part of | Wehrmacht |
| Engagements |
Spanish Civil War World War II |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders |
Erich Raeder Karl Dönitz Hans-Georg von Friedeburg |
| Insignia | |
| War ensign (1938–1945) | .svg) |
| Land flag |  |
The Kriegsmarine (German pronunciation: [ˈkʁiːksmaˌʁiːnə], War Navy) was the navy of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It superseded the Kaiserliche Marine (German Imperial Navy) of World War I and the inter-war Reichsmarine. The Kriegsmarine was one of three official branches—along with the Heer (Army) and the Luftwaffe (Air Force)—of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany.
The Kriegsmarine grew rapidly during German naval rearmament in the 1930s (the Treaty of Versailles had limited the size of the German navy previously, and prohibited building of submarines).Kriegsmarine ships were deployed to the waters around Spain during the Spanish Civil War, under the guise of enforcing non-intervention, but in reality supporting the Franco side of the war.
In January 1939 Plan Z was ordered, calling for naval parity with the Royal Navy by 1944. However, when World War II broke out in September 1939, Plan Z was shelved in favour of building submarines (U-boats) and prioritizing land and air forces.
The Commander-in-Chief of the Kriegsmarine (as for all branches of armed forces during the period of absolute Nazi power) was Adolf Hitler, who exercised his authority through the Oberkommando der Marine.
The Kriegsmarine's most famous ships were the U-boats, most of which were constructed after Plan Z was abandoned at the beginning of World War II. Wolfpacks were rapidly assembled groups of submarines which attacked British convoys during the first half of the Battle of the Atlantic but this tactic was largely abandoned in the second half of the war. Along with the U-boats, surface commerce raiders (including auxiliary cruisers) were used to disrupt Allied shipping in the early years of the war, the most famous of these being the heavy cruisers Admiral Graf Spee and Admiral Scheer and the battleship Bismarck. However, the adoption of convoy escorts, especially in the Atlantic, greatly reduced the effectiveness of commerce raiders against convoys.
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