Kankalis

The Kankali, Qanqli, or Kangly (Kanglı/Qangli) were a Turkic people of Eurasia. They were supposedly related or part of the Pechenegs. They may instead have been Kipchaks, or closely related to them. They may have been a separate nomadic people earlier but the Turkic peoples on the Pontic-Steppe became assimilated into each other by the 13th century.

They appear to have been connected in some way to the non-Turkic, Eastern Iranian state of Kangju (康居) in Sogdia, first documented by Chinese scholars during the 2nd century BCE. During the first half of the 1st millennium CE, Kangju was conquered by various invaders including the Xyōn (Xionites) and Kidara (Kidarites) and I-ta (Hepthalites). By about 600 a Kangari people were apparently allies of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (against the Western Turkic Khaganate). The Kangari and a city of named Kangu Tarban (Otrar) are mentioned by Kul Tigin in the Orkhon inscription (8th century). The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII (Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos) noted in his De Administrando Imperio (c. 950) that the name Kangar was used by three groups of Pechenegs. These circumstances may indicate that Kangju was Turkified.

The Kankali, as such, first appear in history as a minor branch of the ancient Oghuz Turks. They formed one of the five sections into which the Oghuz khan divided his subjects. After the fall of the Pecheneg Khanate, in the early 10th century, the role of the Kankali became prominent.

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