Kalibangan
| काली बंगा | |
The western mound of Kalibangan, known as the Citadel
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 Shown within Rajasthan
Shown within Rajasthan
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| Location | Rajasthan, India |
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| Region | Thar desert |
| Coordinates | 29°28′27″N 74°7′49″E / 29.47417°N 74.13028°ECoordinates: 29°28′27″N 74°7′49″E / 29.47417°N 74.13028°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Abandoned | Around the 20th or 19th century BCE |
| Periods | Harappan 1 to Harappan 3C |
| Cultures | Indus Valley Civilization |
Kalibangān is a town located at 29°28′N 74°08′E / 29.47°N 74.13°E on the left or southern banks of the Ghaggar (Ghaggar-Hakra River), identified by some scholars with Sarasvati River in Tehsil Pilibangān, between Suratgarh and Hanumāngarh in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan, India 205 km. from Bikaner. It is also identified as being established in the triangle of land at the confluence of Drishadvati and Sarasvathi Rivers. The prehistoric and pre-Mauryan character of Indus Valley Civilization was first identified by Luigi Tessitori at this site. Kalibangan's excavation report was published in its entirety in 2003 by the Archaeological Survey of India, 34 years after the completion of excavations. The report concluded that Kalibangan was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan is distinguished by its unique fire altars and "world's earliest attested ploughed field".
The identity of Kalibangan as a pre-historic site was discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist (1887–1919). He was doing some research in ancient Indian texts. He was surprised by the character of ruins in that area, and he sought help from Sir John Marshall of the Archaeological Survey of India. At that time ASI had some excavations done on Harappa, but they never had any idea about the character of the ruins. In fact, Tessitori is the first person to recognize that the ruins are 'Prehistoric' and pre-Mauryan. Luigi Pio Tessitori also pointed out the nature of the culture, but at that time it was not possible to guess that Indus Valley Civilisation lay in the ruins of Kalibangan, and he died five years before Harappan culture was duly recognized.
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