Joseph Bertrand
| Joseph Louis François Bertrand | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born |
11 March 1822 Paris, France |
| Died | 5 April 1900 (aged 78) Paris, France |
| Residence | France |
| Fields | Mathematics |
Joseph Louis François Bertrand (11 March 1822 – 5 April 1900, born and died in Paris) was a French mathematician who worked in the fields of number theory, differential geometry, probability theory, economics and thermodynamics.
Bertrand was a professor at the École Polytechnique and Collège de France. He was a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences and was its permanent secretary for twenty-six years. He was the son of physician Alexandre Jacques François Bertrand and the brother of archaeologist Alexandre Bertrand. His father died when Joseph was only nine years old, but that did not stand in his way of learning and understanding algebraic and elementary geometric concepts, and he also could speak Latin fluently, all when he was of the same age of nine. At eleven years old he attended the course of the École Polytechnique as an auditor (open courses). From age eleven to seventeen, he obtained two bachelor's degrees, a license and a PhD with a thesis on the mathematical theory of electricity and is admitted first to the 1839 entrance examination of the École Polytechnique.
He conjectured, in 1845, that there is at least one prime between n and 2n − 2 for every n > 3. Chebyshev proved this conjecture, now called Bertrand's postulate, in 1850. He was also famous for a paradox in the field of probability, now known as Bertrand's Paradox. There is another paradox in game theory that is named after him, called the Bertrand Paradox.
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