John Purvey

John Purvey (c. 1354 – c. 1414) was one of the leading followers of the English theologian and reformer John Wycliffe during the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. He was born around 1354 in Lathbury, near Newport Pagnell in the county of Buckinghamshire, England. He was a great scholar, permitted to enter all priestly ranks on 13 March 1377, or 1378. It has been assumed by scholars that Purvey became acquainted with Wycliffe's ideas in Oxford. In around 1382, Purvey lived with Wycliffe at Lutterworth, Leicestershire,along with Nicholas of Hereford and John Aston, and became one of Wycliffe's disciples. These disciples were termed lollards; a name derived the medieval Dutch word meaning "to mutter". This reflected the Dutch's views on worship through their reading of the Scripture. The most important group of lollards were a group of knights who were a part of the king's court. Sir William Neville, Sir John Montague and Sir William Beachamp were a part of this group and had the support of the Black Prince and John of Gaunt (1371-1382), reflecting the tradition of noble anticlericalism. At Lutterworth, Purvey, with Wycliffe's concurrence, he revised the 1382 English translation of the Bible, originally done by Wycliffe and Nicholas of Hereford. The primary purpose of the revision was to make the translation more accessible as well as comprehensible. The 1382 translation was a verbatim rendering of the Vulgate, and had little consideration for the differences between the Latin and the English, making the version confusing. Purvey, himself, described his time translating with Wycliffe. He said that each worked on their manuscripts at opposite ends of a table with an inkwell shared in the middle. Purvey worked separately from Wycliffe, never writing a word for him despite Wycliffe's palsied arm.

He was in the midst of this undertaking when Wycliffe died in 1384. From Lutterworth, Purvey then moved to Bristol, a city that was well known at the time for its sympathies of Wycliffe and his followers. Meanwhile in 1387, Purvey, Hereford, Aston, Parker, and Swynderby were restricted to preach by Henry Wakefield, the bishop of Worcester and were then amalgamated at a college unlicensed and dismissed by law to practice preaching. Then in 1388, Purvey finished his revised version of the Bible, admits preaching across the country. In the infamous prologue to his version of the Bible, he unravels the method of " a poor catiff lettid fro prehying" and discusses the meaning and renders it "myche travile, with diverse felawis and helperis." He also delves in the ideas how a labourer at Scripture hath " nede to live a clene life, and with good livyng and great traviel" meaning to come to "trewe understanding of holi wit." It has been said that Purvey's translation was bias free and was so widely accepted that it was owned by obedient churchmen and bishops alike. Purvey, as one of the poor preachers who Wycliffe had organized before his death, continued to spread Wycliffe's views. A commission was sent in 1388 to all bishops to search for heretical books by Purvey and Wycliffe's disciples. Purvey was accused of preaching heresy. Archbishop Arundel investigated Purvey's teachings and found several counts of heresy including the invalidity of wrongful excommunication, and the ineffectuality of papal law. Because of his accusations of heresy, he was imprisoned in 1390. Nonetheless he continued to write various works, including commentaries, sermons and treatises condemning the corruption of the Catholic Church. By 1401, he was brought before convocation and, unable to face death by burning, like that of William Sawtrey, he recanted at Paul's Cross in London and returned to orthodoxy. He confessed on 6 March 1401 and revoked his heresies.

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