Japanese particles

Japanese particles, joshi (助詞^?) or teniwoha (てにをは^?), are suffixes or short words in Japanese grammar that immediately follow the modified noun, verb, adjective, or sentence. Their grammatical range can indicate various meanings and functions, such as speaker affect and assertiveness.

Japanese particles are written in hiragana in modern Japanese, though some of them also have kanji forms (弖 or 天 for te て; 爾 for ni に; 乎 or 遠 for o を; and 波 for wa は). Particles follow the same rules of phonetic transcription as all Japanese words, with the exception of は (written ha, pronounced wa as a particle), へ (written he, pronounced e) and を (written using a hiragana character with no other use in modern Japanese, originally assigned as wo, now usually pronounced o, though some speakers render it as wo). These exceptions are a relic of historical kana usage.

There are eight types of particles, depending on what function they serve.

が、の、を、に、へ、と、で、から、より

か、の、や、に、と、やら、なり、だの

か、の、や、な、わ、とも、かしら

さ、よ、ね

ばかり、まで、だけ、ほど、くらい、など、なり、やら

は、も、こそ、でも、しか、さえ、だに

ば、や、が、て、のに、ので、から、ところが、けれども

の、から

Note that some particles appear in two types. For example, "kara" is a case marker where it describes where something is from or what happens after something; when it describes a cause it is a conjunctive particle.

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