Italy competed at the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. Italian athletes had appeared in every Summer Olympics edition of the modern era, with the exception of the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis.

The following Italian competitors won medals at the Games.

The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games. Note that reserves in fencing, field hockey, football, and handball are not counted as athletes:

Three Italian archers qualified for the men's events after having secured a top eight finish in the men's team recurve at the 2015 World Archery Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark. Another set of three archers qualified for the women's events by virtue of the nation's podium finish in the team recurve competition at the 2016 Archery World Cup meet in Antalya, Turkey.

The full Italian archery team, led by London 2012 champions Marco Galiazzo and Mauro Nespoli was named on July 6, 2016.

Italian athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event):

Following the end of the qualifying period, a total of 35 athletes (15 men and 20 women) were officially named to Italy's track and field roster for the Games on July 14, 2016, with triple jumper and London 2012 bronze medalist Fabrizio Donato matching the record with sprinter Pietro Mennea as the only men competing in five straight Olympics. A day later, high jumper and London 2012 Olympian Gianmarco Tamberi was forced to withdraw from the team after sustaining a partial rupture of his ankle ligament shortly upon clearing a national record of 2.39 m in Monaco. Three more athletes (Lingua, Magnani, & Malavisi) were added to the team on July 18, bringing the roster size to 38. On 27 July, Jamel Chatbi was suspended for missing out the doping test.

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