Isoniazid
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| Clinical data | |
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| Trade names | Hydra, Hyzyd, Isovit, other |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682401 |
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| Routes of administration |
by mouth, intramuscular, intravenous |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | Very low (0-10%) |
| Metabolism | liver; CYP450: 2C19, 3A4 inhibitor |
| Biological half-life | 0.5-1.6h (fast acetylators), 2-5h (slow acetylators) |
| Excretion | urine (primarily), feces |
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| Synonyms | isonicotinic acid hydrazide, isonicotinyl hydrazine, INHA |
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| NIAID ChemDB | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.195 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C6H7N3O |
| Molar mass | 137.139 g/mol |
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Isoniazid, also known as isonicotinylhydrazide (INH), is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis. For active tuberculosis it is often used together with rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and either streptomycin or ethambutol. For latent tuberculosis it is often used by itself. It may also be used for atypical types of mycobacteria, such as M. avium, M. kansasii, and M. xenopi. It is usually taken by mouth but may be used by injection into a muscle.
Common side effect include increased blood levels of liver enzymes and numbness in the hands and feet. Serious side effects may include liver inflammation. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the baby. Use during breastfeeding is likely okay.Pyridoxine may be given to reduce the risk of side effects. Isoniazid works in part by disrupting the formation of the bacteria's cell wall which results in cell death.
Isoniazid was first made in 1952. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Isoniazid is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.60 to 4.75 USD per month. In the United States a month of treatment costs less than 25 USD per month.
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