Isa ibn Muhanna
| Isa ibn Muhanna | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amir al-ʿarab | |||||
| Reign | 1260–1284 | ||||
| Predecessor | Ali ibn Haditha | ||||
| Successor | Muhanna ibn Isa | ||||
| Lord of Palmyra | |||||
| Reign | 1281–1284 | ||||
| Predecessor | N/A | ||||
| Successor | Muhanna ibn Isa | ||||
| Died | May 1284 | ||||
| Issue | Muhanna Fadl Muhammad |
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| House | Al Fadl | ||||
| Father | Muhanna ibn Maniʿ | ||||
| Full name | |
|---|---|
| Sharaf ad-Din ʿIsa ibn Muhanna ibn Maniʿ ibn Haditha ibn Fadl ibn Rabiʿah ibn Hazim ibn ʿAli ibn Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah at-Taʾi |
Sharaf ad-Din Isa ibn Muhanna at-Ta'i, better known as Isa ibn Muhanna (d. 1284/85), was an emir (commander/prince) of the Al Fadl, a Bedouin dynasty that dominated the Syrian Desert and steppe during the 13th–15th centuries. He was appointed amir al-ʿarab (commander of the Bedouin) by the Mamluks after their conquest of Syria in 1260. Isa's father served the same post under the Ayyubids. His assignment gave him command over the nomadic Arab tribes of Syria and obliged him to provide auxiliary troops in times of war and guard the desert frontier from the Mongol Ilkhanate in Iraq. As part of his emirate, he was granted Salamiyah and Sarmin. He participated in numerous campaigns against the Ilkhanate during Sultan Baybars' reign (1260–1277).
In 1379/80, Isa defected from Baybars' successor, Qalawun, and joined the rebellion of the Mamluk viceroy of Syria, Sunqur al-Ashqar. However, Isa dissuaded Sunqur from joining the Ilkhanids' army, and was dismissed from his post when Qalawun's forces suppressed the rebellion. Isa was reinstalled by 1280, and in the following year, played a decisive role as a commander in the Mamluk victory over the Ilkhanate at the Second Battle of Homs. After his death, Isa was succeeded by his son Muhanna, and throughout the 14th century, Isa's direct descendants held the office of amir al-ʿarab with occasional interruption.
Isa's clan, the Al Fadl, were direct descendants of the Jarrahid ruler of Palestine, Mufarrij ibn Daghfal (d. 1013), himself a member of the ancient tribe of Tayy; Isa's laqab was "Sharaf ad-Din al-Tayyi", denoting his Tayyid roots. By the early 13th century, the Al Fadl dominated the desert region between Homs in the west to the Euphrates valley in the east and from Qal'at Ja'bar southward through central Najd. Isa's great-grandfather, Haditha (grandson of the Al Fadl's progenitor, Fadl ibn Rabi'ah), served as the first amir al-ʿarab (commander of the Bedouin tribes) under Ayyubid sultan al-Adil (r. 1200–1218), beginning a tradition of Al Fadl tribesmen being appointed to the office. Isa's father Muhanna and grandfather Mani (d. 1232) both served the post.
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