Intel 80486DX

Intel 486

The exposed die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor
Produced	From 1989 to 2007
Common manufacturer(s)	Intel, IBM, AMD, Texas Instruments, Harris Semiconductor, UMC, SGS Thomson
Max. CPU clock rate	16 MHz to 150 MHz
FSB speeds	16 MHz to 50 MHz
Min. feature size	1 µm to 0.6 µm
Instruction set	x86 including x87 (except for "SX" models)
Data width	32
Address width	32
Virtual address width	32 Linear; 46 Logical
Predecessor	Intel 80386
Successor	Pentium (P5)
Co-processor	Intel 80487SX
Package(s)	PGA (socket 1, 2, 3), 196-pin PQFP, 208-pin SQFP

The Intel 486 ("four-eighty-six"), also known as the i486 or 80486 is a higher performance follow-up to the Intel 80386 microprocessor. The 486 was introduced in 1989 and was the first tightlypipelined x86 design as well as the first x86 chip to use more than a million transistors, due to a large on-chip cache and an integrated floating-point unit. It represents a fourth generation of binary compatible CPUs since the original 8086 of 1978.

A 50 MHz 486 executes around 40 million instructions per second on average and is able to reach 50 MIPS peak performance.

The i486 does not have the usual 80-prefix because of a court ruling that prohibits trademarking numbers (such as 80486). Later, with the introduction of the Pentium brand, Intel began branding its chips with words rather than numbers.

The 486 was announced at Spring Comdex in April 1989. At the announcement, Intel stated that samples would be available in the third quarter of 1989 and production quantities would ship in the fourth quarter of 1989. The first 486-based PCs were announced in late 1989, but some advised that people wait until 1990 to purchase a 486 PC because there were early reports of bugs and software incompatibilities.

The instruction set of the i486 is very similar to its predecessor, the Intel 80386, with the addition of only a few extra instructions, such as CMPXCHG which implements a compare-and-swap atomic operation and XADD, a fetch-and-add atomic operation returning the original value (unlike a standard ADD which returns flags only).

From a performance point of view, the architecture of the i486 is a vast improvement over the 80386. It has an on-chip unified instruction and data cache, an on-chip floating-point unit (FPU) and an enhanced bus interface unit. Due to the tight pipelining, sequences of simple instructions (such as ALU reg,reg and ALU reg,im) could sustain a single clock cycle throughput (one instruction completed every clock). These improvements yielded a rough doubling in integer ALU performance over the 386 at the same clock rate. A 16-MHz 486 therefore had a performance similar to a 33-MHz 386, and the older design had to reach 50 MHz to be comparable with a 25-MHz 486 part.