IP fragmentation

IP fragmentation is an (IP) process that breaks datagrams into smaller pieces (fragments), so that packets may be formed that can pass through a link with a smaller maximum transmission unit (MTU) than the original datagram size. The fragments are reassembled by the receiving host.

RFC 791 describes the procedure for IP fragmentation, and transmission and reassembly of datagrams.RFC 815 describes a simplified reassembly algorithm.

The Identification field along with the foreign and local internet address and the protocol ID, and Fragment offset field along with Don't Fragment and More Fragment flags in the IP protocol header are used for fragmentation and reassembly of IP datagrams.

Under IPv4, a router that receives a (PDU) larger than the next hop's MTU has two options: drop the PDU and send an (ICMP) message which indicates the condition Packet too Big, or fragment the IP packet and send it over the link with a smaller MTU. IPv6 hosts are required to determine the optimal Path MTU before sending packets; however, it is guaranteed that any IPv6 packet smaller than or equal to 1280 bytes must be deliverable.

If a receiving host receives a fragmented IP packet, it has to reassemble the datagram and pass it to the higher protocol layer. Reassembly is intended to happen in the receiving host but in practice it may be done by an intermediate router, for example, network address translation (NAT) may need to re-assemble fragments in order to translate data streams.

IP fragmentation can cause excessive retransmissions when fragments encounter packet loss and reliable protocols such as TCP must retransmit all of the fragments in order to recover from the loss of a single fragment. Thus, senders typically use two approaches to decide the size of IP datagrams to send over the network. The first is for the sending host to send an IP datagram of size equal to the MTU of the first hop of the source destination pair. The second is to run the path MTU discovery algorithm, described in RFC 1191, to determine the path MTU between two IP hosts, so that IP fragmentation can be avoided.

...
Wikipedia