Human sterilization (surgical procedure)

Sterilization
Background
Type	Sterilization
First use	Ancient
Failure rates (first year)
Perfect use	under 1%
Typical use	under 1%
Usage
Duration effect	Permanent
Reversibility	Difficult and expensive, vasectomy reversal & tubal reversal may be possible
User reminders	3 negative semen samples required following vasectomy
Advantages and disadvantages
STI protection	None
Benefits	Permanent methods that require no further user actions
Risks	Operative and postoperative complications

Sterilization (also spelled sterilisation) is any of a number of medical techniques that intentionally leave a person unable to reproduce. It is a method of birth control. For other causes of sterility, see infertility. Sterilization methods include both surgical and non-surgical, and exist for both males and females. Sterilization procedures are intended to be permanent; reversal is generally difficult or impossible.

Most female sterilizations occur in developing countries, while vasectomies are mainly the product of industrialized countries. Women mostly make up sterilization rates worldwide, but their motivations behind the procedure vary depending on demographic factors. While physical effects are the most commonly thought of, sterilization can also affect the psyche, family, and community at large.

Surgical sterilization methods include:

Transluminal procedures are performed by entry through the female reproductive tract. These generally use a catheter to place a substance into the Fallopian tubes that eventually causes blockage of the tract in this segment. Such procedures are generally called non-surgical as they use natural orifices and thereby do not necessitate any surgical incision.

There is no working "sterilization pill" that causes permanent inability to reproduce.

In the 1977 textbook Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment, on page 787, the authors speculate about future possible oral sterilants for humans.

In 2015, DNA editing using gene drives to sterilize mosquitos was demonstrated.

There have been hoaxes involving fictitious drugs that would purportedly have such effects, notably progesterex.

See also Norplant, Depo-Provera and oral contraceptive.

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