Hortatory

In Linguistics, Hortative modalities (/ˈhɔːrtətɪv/ ( listen); abbreviated HORT) are verbal expressions used by the speaker to encourage or discourage doing something. Different hortatives can be used to express greater or lesser intensity, or the speaker's attitude, for or against it.

Hortative modalities signal the speaker's encouragement or discouragement toward the addressee's bringing about the proposition of an utterance. For this reason, hortative constructions can be used only in the first-person plural (cohortative) and second-person singular and plural (adhortative, exhortative, dehortative, and inhortative).

The term hortative dates to 1576, from Late Latin hortatorius "encouraging, cheering", from hortatus, past participle of hortari "exhort, encourage", intensive of horiri "urge, incite, encourage".

Hortative modalities share semantic and lexical similarities without other modalities, which can lead to confusion between them. Also, Hortative constructions rarely have forms that are uniquely their own. The English expression Let's (a contraction of let us) is one such construction. However, let us as well as its synonym, leave us are used for other functions:

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