History of the Jews in Bulgaria
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| (1,363 (2001 census) - 6,000 Bulgarian citizens of full or partial Jewish descent (according to OJB estimates) Israeli Jews of Bulgarian descent: 75,000 ) | |
| Languages | |
| Hebrew and Bulgarian | |
| Religion | |
| Judaism |
Jews have had a continuous presence in historic Bulgarian lands since before the 2nd century CE, and have often played an important part in the history of Bulgaria.
Today, the majority of Bulgarian Jews live in Israel, while modern-day Bulgaria continues to host a modest Jewish population.
Jews are believed to have settled in the region after the Roman conquest in 46 AD. Ruins of "sumptuous" second-century synagogues have been unearthed in Philipopolis (now Plovdiv), Nikopol, Ulpia Oescus (modern day Gigen, Pleven Province), and Stobi (now in Macedonia). The earliest written artifact attesting to the presence of a Jewish community in the Roman province of Moesia Inferior is a late 2nd-century CE Latin inscription found at Ulpia Oescus bearing a menorah and mentioning archisynagogos. Josephus testifies to the presence of a Jewish population in the city. A decree of Roman Emperor Theodosius I from 379 regarding the persecution of Jews and destruction of synagogues in Illyria and Thrace is also proof of early Jewish settlement in Bulgaria.
After the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire and its recognition in 681, a number of Jews suffering persecution in the Byzantine Empire may have settled in Bulgaria. Jews also settled in Nikopol in 967. Some arrived from the Republic of Ragusa and Italy, when merchants from these lands were allowed to trade in the Second Bulgarian Empire by Ivan Asen II. Later, Tsar Ivan Alexander married a Jewish woman, Sarah (renamed Theodora), who had converted to Christianity and had considerable influence in the court. She influenced her spouse to create the Tsardom of Vidin for her son Ivan Shishman, who was also a Jew according to the Matrilineality in Judaism. In 1352, the church council ordered the expulsion of Jews Bulgaria for "heretical activity," although this decree was not rigorously implemented. Physical attacks on Jews followed. In one case, three Jews who had been sentenced to death were killed by a mob despite the sentence's having been repealed by the tsar.
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