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Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry IV
Holy Roman Emperor (more...)
Heinrich 4 g.jpg
Holy Roman Emperor
Reign 5 October 1056 – 31 December 1105
Coronation 31 March 1084
Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome
Predecessor Henry III
Successor Henry V
King of Germany
(Formally King of the Romans)
Reign November 1053 – 31 December 1105
Coronation 17 July 1054
Aachen Cathedral
Predecessor Henry III
Successor Henry V
King of Italy and Burgundy
Reign 5 October 1056 – 31 December 1105
Predecessor Henry III
Successor Henry V
Born (1050-11-11)11 November 1050
Imperial Palace of Goslar, Saxony
Died 7 August 1106(1106-08-07) (aged 55)
Liège, Lower Lorraine
Burial Speyer Cathedral
Spouse Bertha of Savoy
(m. 1066 – wid. 1087)
Eupraxia (Adelheid) of Kiev
(m. 1089 – div. 1095)
Issue Agnes, Duchess of Swabia and Margravine of Austria
Conrad II of Italy
Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
House Salian dynasty
Father Henry III
Mother Agnes of Poitou
Religion Roman Catholicism
German royal dynasties
Salian dynasty
Chronology
Conrad II 1024 – 1039
Henry III 1039 – 1056
Henry IV 1056 – 1105
Henry V 1105 – 1125
Family
Family tree of the German monarchs
Succession
Preceded by
Ottonian dynasty
Followed by
Süpplingenburg dynasty

Henry IV (German: Heinrich IV; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) ascended to King of the Germans in 1056. From 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105, he was also referred to as the King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century. His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the Papacy. Several civil wars over his throne took place in both Italy and Germany. He died of illness, soon after defeating his son's army near Visé, in Lorraine, France.

In 1056 at Aachen, Henry IV was enthroned as the King of the Germans by Pope Victor II, while his mother, Agnes of Poitou, became regent. In 1062 the young king was kidnapped as a result of the Coup of Kaiserswerth, a conspiracy of German nobles led by Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne. Henry, who was at Kaiserwerth, was persuaded to board a boat on the Rhine; it was immediately unmoored and the king jumped into the river, but he was rescued by one of the conspirators and carried to Cologne. Agnes retired to a convent, and the government was placed in the hands of Anno. His first action was to back Pope Alexander II against the antipope Honorius II, whom Agnes had initially recognized but subsequently left without support. Anno's rule proved unpopular.

The education and training of Henry were supervised by Anno, who was called his magister, while Adalbert of Hamburg, archbishop of Bremen, was styled Henry's patronus. Henry's education seems to have been neglected, and his willful and headstrong nature developed under the conditions of these early years. The malleable Adalbert of Hamburg soon became the confidante of the ruthless Henry. Eventually, during an absence of Anno from Germany, Henry managed to obtain control of his civil duties, leaving Anno with only an ecclesiastical role.


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