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Hendrik Kramers

Hans Kramers
Kramers 1928.jpg
Hans Kramers in c. 1928
Born Hendrik Anthony Kramers
(1894-02-02)2 February 1894
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Died 24 April 1952(1952-04-24) (aged 58)
Oegstgeest, Netherlands
Nationality Dutch
Fields Physics
Alma mater Leiden University
Doctoral advisor Niels Bohr
Paul Ehrenfest
Doctoral students Henri Brinkman
Dirk ter Haar
Lamek Hulthén
Nico van Kampen
Jacob Kistemaker
Tjalling Koopmans
Luitzen Johannes Oosterhoff
Known for Kramers–Heisenberg formula
Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation
Kramers–Kronig relations
Kramers–Wannier duality
Kramers model for polymer chains
Kramers–Anderson superexchange
Kramers' degeneracy theorem
Kramers' law
Kramers' opacity law
Notable awards Lorentz Medal (1947)
Hughes Medal (1951)

Hendrik Anthony "Hans" Kramers (2 February 1894 – 24 April 1952) was a Dutch physicist who worked with Niels Bohr to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with matter.

Hans Kramers was born in Rotterdam. the son of Hendrik Kramers, a physician, and Jeanne Susanne Breukelman.

In 1912 Hans finished secondary education (HBS) in Rotterdam, and studied mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden, where he obtained a master's degree in 1916. Kramers wanted to obtain foreign experience during his doctoral research, but his first choice of supervisor, Max Born in Göttingen, was not reachable because of the first world war. Because Denmark was neutral in this war, as was the Netherlands, he travelled (by ship, overland was impossible) to Copenhagen, where he visited unannounced the then still relatively unknown Niels Bohr. Bohr took him on as a Ph.D. candidate and Kramers prepared his dissertation under Bohr's direction. Although Kramers did most of his doctoral research (on intensities of atomic transitions) in Copenhagen, he obtained his formal Ph.D. under Ehrenfest in Leiden, on 8 May 1919.

Kramers greatly enjoyed music and could play the cello and the piano.

After working for almost ten years in Bohr's group and becoming an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen, Kramers left Denmark in 1926 and returned to the Netherlands. He became a full professor in theoretical physics at Utrecht University, where he supervised Tjalling Koopmans. In 1934 he left Utrecht and succeeded Paul Ehrenfest in Leiden. From 1931 until his death he held also a cross appointment at Delft University of Technology.


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