Heinrich Parler

Heinrich Parler the Elder Heinrich von Gemünd der Ältere
Holy Cross Minster, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany. Masterpiece of Heinrich Parler.
Born	c. 1310–1320 Cologne, Free City of the Holy Roman Empire
Died	c. 1370 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Roman Empire
Nationality	German
Occupation	Architect
Children	Johann Parler the Elder Michael Parler Peter Parler
Buildings	Holy Cross Minster Nuremberg Frauenkirche
Design	Late Gothic

Heinrich Parler the Elder (also Heinrich of Gmünd, German: Heinrich von Gemünd der Ältere; c. 1310 – c. 1370), was a German architect and sculptor. His masterpiece is Holy Cross Minster, an influential milestone of late Gothic architecture in the town of Schwäbisch Gmünd, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Parler also founded the Parler family of master builders and his descendants worked in various parts of central Europe, especially Bohemia. His son, Peter Parler, became one of the major architects of the Middle Ages. The family name is derived from the word Parlier, meaning "foreman".

Heinrich Parler was probably born in Cologne between 1300 and 1310, where his earliest known work was supervising the construction of Cologne Cathedral. He later lived and worked in Gmünd, an Imperial City (German: Reichsstädte) of the Holy Roman Empire.

Sometime around 1333, Parler was invited to become construction manager of the Holy Cross Minster (German: Heilig-Kreuz-Münster) in Gmünd. Construction had already begun in 1315 to replace an existing Romanesque church with a Gothic basilica form. He amended the plan of this new building and completed the nave as a hall church (German: Hallenkirche), the first of its kind in southern Germany. Rounded pillars with leaf wreath capitals, elongated tracery windows, and complex colored vaults are the first tangible evidence of his new style, which became even more pronounced with the laying of the foundation stone of the choir in 1351. His son Peter Parler (1333–1399) began working alongside him on the choir, designed as an ambulatory with chapels lying flat between the buttresses. The number of required internal support columns was therefore reduced and the aisles were built as tall as the nave, creating an expanded sense of space. Heinrich Parler was also responsible for experimental, more lifelike sculptures than had hitherto been created in previous churches. Holy Cross therefore marks an important milestone in late Gothic architecture and sculpture. Father and son did not live to see the consecration of the church, which took place in 1410. Work continued into the 16th century.