Haplogroup U
| Haplogroup U | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 46,500 ± 3,300 years ago |
| Possible place of origin | Western Asia |
| Ancestor | R |
| Descendants | U1, U5, U6, U2'3'4'7'8'9 |
| Defining mutations | 11467, 12308, 12372 |
Haplogroup U is a (mtDNA). Arising from haplogroup R in the beginning Upper Paleolithic, its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found widely distributed across Northern and Eastern Europe, Central, Western and South Asia as well as North Africa and the Horn of Africa.
The most common subclade of haplogroup U8b, arising between about 30,000 and 22,000 years ago, is given the separate designation of haplogroup K.
Haplogroup U descends from the haplogroup R mtDNA branch of the phylogenetic tree. The defining mutations (A11467G, A12308G, G12372A) are estimated to have arisen between about 43,000 and 50,000 years ago, in the beginning Upper Paleolithic (95% CI: 46,530 ± 3,290 according to Behar et al., 2012)
Ancient DNA classified as belonging to the U* mitochondrial haplogroup has been recovered from human remains found in Western Siberia, dated to c. 45,000 years ago..
Haplogroup U has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, dated to the 1st millennium BC.
Haplogroup U is found in 15% of Indian caste and 8% of Indian tribal populations. Haplogroup U is found in approximately 11% of native Europeans and is held as the oldest maternal haplogroup found in that region. In a 2013 study, all but one of the ancient modern human sequences from Europe belonged to maternal haplogroup U, thus confirming previous findings that haplogroup U was the dominant type of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Europe before the spread of agriculture into Europe and the presence and the spread of the Indo-Europeans in Western Europe.
Haplogroup U has various subclades numbered U1 to U9. Haplogroup K is a subclade of U8. The old age has led to a wide distribution of the descendant subgroups across Western Eurasia, North Africa, and South Asia. Some subclades of haplogroup U have a more specific geographic range.
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