Haplogroup NO
| Haplogroup NO | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Possible time of origin | Formed circa 45,400–45,840 years BP (NO/NO1, based on YFull 2017, and previous estimates of: 41,500 [95% CI 37,400 <-> 45,600] years BP, 48,871 [95% CI 37,095 <-> 58,831] years BP, and 50,800 or 43,500 years BP) |
| Possible place of origin | Southeast Asia or Southern China |
| Coalescence age | Circa 41,500 – 40,067 years BP (NO/NO1, based on YFull 2017, and previous estimates of: 36,800 [95% CI 34,300 <-> 39,300] years BP, 41,900 [31,294 <-> 51,202] years BP, and 44,700 or 38,300 years BP depending on mutation rate) |
| Ancestor | K2a1 (M2313/Z4858) |
| Descendants | N (M231) and O (M175). |
| Defining mutations | M214/Page39; F176/M2314; CTS5858/M2325/F346; CTS11572 |
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Haplogroup NO (M214/Page39; F176/M2314; CTS5858/M2325/F346; CTS11572), also known as NO-M214 and NO1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. NO is the sole confirmed subclade of Haplogroup K2a1 (K-M2313), which is the sole subclade of Haplogroup K2a (K-M2308).
Before 2016, NO was generally regarded as synonymous with K2a. Researchers such as Poznik et al. 2016 documented Y-DNA, in both ancient remains and living individuals, which: (firstly) had some, but not all, of the mutations regarded previously as defining NO, and (secondly) lacked the SNPs identifying haplogroups Haplogroup N (M231) and Haplogroup O (M175). Poznik et al. therefore considered that K2a and NO constituted "grandparent" and "grandchild" clades, and proposed that the name K2a1 be assigned to the Y-DNA of individuals who belonged to K2a, but did not belong to NO.
As of 2018, the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) refers to NO-M214 as "NO1", and to K2a/K2a1 as "NO".
There may be at least one other primary branch of NO: the ISOGG official Y-DNA haplogroup tree lists a haplogroup known as "NO1~" [sic] (CTS707/M2306) alongside NO-M214 (which ISOGG refers to as "NO1"). The tilde (~) indicates that its exact position of NO1~ in the phylogeny is unknown. It may be a primary branch or sibling of NO, it may be a primary branch or sibling of K2a1, or it may instead be a primary branch of K2a.
Based on the projected origins of K2a, K2a1, N* and O* respectively, NO* probably originated in East Asia.
While there is some evidence of NO* being found in living individuals, these examples are not well-researched. Further research may instead identify them as belonging to N* (M231), N1, or the provisional subclade N2 (F3373/M2283/Page56/S323). These cases include:
Members of Haplogroup NO* include a Telugu of Indian origin sampled in the United Kingdom and a Malay sampled in Singapore.
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