Hand-cannon

The hand cannon (Chinese: ; Arabic: مدفع‎‎; Russian: пищаль), also known as handgonne, gunnie, gonne, pot, capita, testes, and vasam scolpi is the first true firearm and the successor of the fire lance. It is the oldest type of small arms as well as the most mechanically simplistic form of metal barrel firearms. Unlike matchlock firearms it requires direct manual external ignition through a touch hole without any form of firing mechanism. It may also be considered a forerunner of the handgun. The hand cannon was widely used in China from the 13th century onward and later throughout Europe in the 14th century until at least the 1560s, when it was supplanted by the matchlock arquebus, which is the first firearm to have a trigger.

Hand cannons first saw widespread usage in China sometime during the 13th century and spread from there to the rest of the world. In 1287 Yuan Jurchen trooops deployed hand cannons in putting down a rebellion by the Mongol prince Nayan. However the earliest artistic depiction of a hand cannon - a rock sculpture found among the Dazu Rock Carvings - is dated to 1128 and predates any recorded or precisely dated archaeological samples, so it is likely that the concept of a cannon-like firearm existed since the 12th century. The oldest confirmed extant hand cannon is the Xanadu Gun, dated to 1298, but the Heilongjiang hand cannon is likely older and is dated to no later than 1288, however it contains no inscription or era date unlike the Xanadu Gun. Other specimens also likely predate either specimens and have been traced back to the Western Xia period, but these too contain no inscriptions or era dates.

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