Glyphosate

Glyphosate
Names



IUPAC name N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine
Other names 2-[(phosphonomethyl)amino]acetic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	1071-83-6^Y 38641-94-0 (isopropylammmonium salt)^N 70393-85-0 (sesquisodium salt)^N 81591-81-3 (trimethylsulfonium salt)^N
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:27744^Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL95764^Y
ChemSpider	3376^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.012.726
EC Number	213-997-4
KEGG	C01705^Y
PubChem	3496
RTECS number	MC1075000
UNII	4632WW1X5A^Y
InChI InChI=1S/C3H8NO5P/c5-3(6)1-4-2-10(7,8)9/h4H,1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H2,7,8,9)^Y Key: XDDAORKBJWWYJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y InChI=1/C3H8NO5P/c5-3(6)1-4-2-10(7,8)9/h4H,1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H2,7,8,9) Key: XDDAORKBJWWYJS-UHFFFAOYAE
SMILES O=C(O)CNCP(=O)(O)O
Properties
Chemical formula	C₃H₈NO₅P
Molar mass	169.07 g·mol⁻¹
Appearance	white crystalline powder
Density	1.704 (20 °C)
Melting point	184.5 °C (364.1 °F; 457.6 K)
Boiling point	decomposes at 187 °C (369 °F; 460 K)
Solubility in water	1.01 g/100 mL (20 °C)
log P	−2.8
Acidity (pK_a)	<2, 2.6, 5.6, 10.6
Hazards
Safety data sheet	InChem MSDS
GHS pictograms
GHS signal word	DANGER
GHS hazard statements	H318, H411
GHS precautionary statements	P273, P280, P305+351+338, P310, P501
EU classification (DSD)	Irritant (Xi) Dangerous for the environment (N)
R-phrases	R41, R51/53
S-phrases	(S2), S26, S39, S61
Flash point	Non-flammable
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N (what is ^YN ?)
Infobox references

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and crop desiccant. It is an organophosphorus compound, specifically a phosphonate. It is used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that compete with crops. It was discovered to be an herbicide by Monsanto chemist John E. Franz in 1970. Monsanto brought it to market in 1974 under the trade name Roundup, and Monsanto's last commercially relevant United States patent expired in 2000.

Farmers quickly adopted glyphosate, especially after Monsanto introduced glyphosate-resistant Roundup Ready crops, enabling farmers to kill weeds without killing their crops. In 2007, glyphosate was the most used herbicide in the United States' agricultural sector and the second-most used in home and garden, government and industry, and commerce. By 2016 there was a 100-fold increase from the late 1970s in the frequency of applications and volumes of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied, partly in response to the unprecedented global emergence and spread of glyphosate-resistant weeds.

Glyphosate is absorbed through foliage, and minimally through roots, and transported to growing points. It inhibits a plant enzyme involved in the synthesis of three aromatic amino acids: tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine. Therefore, it is effective only on actively growing plants and is not effective as a pre-emergence herbicide. An increasing number of crops have been genetically engineered to be tolerant of glyphosate (e.g. Roundup Ready soybean, the first Roundup Ready crop, also created by Monsanto) which allows farmers to use glyphosate as a postemergence herbicide against weeds. The development of glyphosate resistance in weed species is emerging as a costly problem. While glyphosate and formulations such as Roundup have been approved by regulatory bodies worldwide, concerns about their effects on humans and the environment persist.

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Wikipedia