Giovanni Giolitti
| Giovanni Giolitti | |
|---|---|
 |
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| 13th Prime Minister of Italy | |
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In office June 15, 1920 – July 4, 1921 |
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| Monarch | Victor Emmanuel III |
| Preceded by | Francesco Saverio Nitti |
| Succeeded by | Ivanoe Bonomi |
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In office March 30, 1911 – March 21, 1914 |
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| Monarch | Victor Emmanuel III |
| Preceded by | Luigi Luzzatti |
| Succeeded by | Antonio Salandra |
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In office May 29, 1906 – December 11, 1909 |
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| Monarch | Victor Emmanuel III |
| Preceded by | Sidney Sonnino |
| Succeeded by | Sidney Sonnino |
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In office November 3, 1903 – March 12, 1905 |
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| Monarch | Victor Emmanuel III |
| Preceded by | Giuseppe Zanardelli |
| Succeeded by | Tommaso Tittoni |
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In office May 15, 1892 – December 15, 1893 |
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| Monarch | Umberto I |
| Preceded by | Marchese di Rudinì |
| Succeeded by | Francesco Crispi |
| Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
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In office May 29, 1881 – July 17, 1928 |
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| Constituency | Piedmont |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
October 27, 1842 Mondovì, Kingdom of Sardinia |
| Died | July 17, 1928 (aged 85) Cavour, Piedmont, Kingdom of Italy |
| Political party |
Historical Left (1882–1913) Liberal Union (1913–1922) Italian Liberal Party (1922–1926) |
| Alma mater | University of Turin |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Giovanni Giolitti (Italian pronunciation: [dʒoˈvanni dʒoˈlitti]; October 27, 1842 – July 17, 1928) was an Italian statesman. He was the Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921. He is the second-longest serving Prime Minister in Italian history, after Benito Mussolini. He was a prominent leader of the Italian Liberal Party (PLI).
Giolitti was a master in the political art of Trasformismo, the method of making a flexible, centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the left and the right in Italian politics after the unification. Under his influence, the Italian Liberals did not develop as a structured party. They were, instead, a series of informal personal groupings with no formal links to political constituencies. The period between the start of the 20th century and the start of World War I, when he was Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior from 1901 to 1914 with only brief interruptions, is often referred to as the Giolittian Era.
A left-wing liberal, with strong ethical concerns, Giolitti's periods in office were notable for the passage of a wide range of progressive social reforms which improved the living standards of ordinary Italians, together with the enactment of several policies of government intervention. Besides putting in place several tariffs, subsidies and government projects, Giolitti also nationalized the private telephone and railroad operators. Liberal proponents of free trade criticized the "Giolittian System", although Giolitti himself saw the development of the national economy as essential in the production of wealth.
Giolitti was born at Mondovì (Piedmont). His father Giovenale Giolitti had been working in the avvocatura dei poveri, an office assisting poor citizens in both civil and criminal cases. He died in 1843, a year after Giovanni was born. The family moved in the home of his mother Enrichetta Plochiù in Turin. At sixteen he entered the University of Turin and earned a law degree in 1860. Subsequently, he pursued a career in public administration. That choice prevented him from participating in the decisive battles of the Risorgimento (the unification of Italy), for which his temperament was not suited anyway, but this lack of military experience would be held against him as long as the Risorgimento generation was active in politics.
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