Fort Peck Indian Reservation

The Fort Peck Indian Reservation is near Fort Peck, Montana, in the northeast part of the state. It is the homeland of federally recognized bands of Assiniboine and Sioux tribes of Native Americans. (The Sioux, also known as Lakota and Dakota, have several other reservations, including in North Dakota and South Dakota.

This is the ninth-largest Indian reservation in the United States and comprises parts of four counties. In descending order of land area they are Roosevelt, Valley, Daniels, and Sheridan counties. The total land area is 2,094,000 acres (8,474.117 km²), with a resident population of 10,381 in 2000. The largest community on the reservation is the city of Wolf Point.

In June 2015, the Department of Interior sent offers to buy back fractionated land worth $230 million to nearly 12,000 individual owners at the Fort Peck Indian Reservation and the smaller Fort Belknap Indian Reservation. This was under the Land Buy-Back Program for Tribal Nations, established as part of the federal government's settlement of the landmark Cobell v. Salazar suit over federal mismanagement of revenues due Indian landowners under the trust program.

The federal government established the Great Sioux Reservation under the Treaty of 1851, encompassing much of the area of West River in what is now South Dakota, as well as portions of North Dakota and Nebraska.

The discovery of gold in the Black Hills attracted miners, who encroached on Sioux lands. Attempts by the U.S. government to take the Black Hills and bind the Sioux to federal Indian agencies along the upper Missouri in the 1860s resulted in warfare, reopening the issues that had been central to Red Cloud's War of 1866–68. As part of the Sioux agreed to come in to agencies, part chose to resist. Army efforts to bring in the other Sioux (characterized as "hostiles") led to battles in the Rosebud country, and culminated in the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876. The United States forces were roundly defeated there.

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