Battle of Flodden | |||||||
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Part of the War of the League of Cambrai | |||||||
Flodden Memorial at the site of the battle |
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Belligerents | |||||||
Kingdom of England | Kingdom of Scotland | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Catherine of Aragon Earl of Surrey Duke of Norfolk Lord Howard Baron Dacre Sir Edward Stanley Marmaduke Constable |
James IV † Lord Home Earl of Montrose † Earl of Bothwell † Earl of Lennox † Earl of Argyll † |
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Strength | |||||||
26,000 | 30–40,000 | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
1,500 | 5,000–17,000 |
Events of 9 September 1513 – Map |
The Battle of Flodden or Flodden Field, or occasionally Battle of Branxton (Brainston Moor), was part of a conflict between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland. The battle was fought in Branxton in the county of Northumberland in northern England on 9 September 1513, between an invading Scots army under King James IV and an English army commanded by the Earl of Surrey. It was a decisive English victory. In terms of troop numbers, it was the largest battle fought between the two Kingdoms.James IV was killed in the battle, becoming the last monarch from the island of Britain to suffer such a death.
This conflict began when James IV, King of Scots declared war on England to honour the Auld Alliance with France by diverting Henry VIII's English troops from their campaign against the French king Louis XII. Henry VIII had also opened old wounds by claiming to be the overlord of Scotland, which angered the Scots and their King. At this time England was involved as a member of the "Catholic League" in the War of the League of Cambrai—defending Italy and the Pope from the French (see Italian Wars).
Pope Leo X, already a signatory to the anti-French Treaty of Mechlin, sent a letter to James threatening him with ecclesiastical censure for breaking his peace treaties with England on 28 June 1513, and subsequently James was excommunicated by Cardinal Christopher Bainbridge. James also summoned sailors and sent the Scottish navy, including the Great Michael, to join the ships of Louis XII of France.