Flash vacuum thermolysis

Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere such as a vacuum or nitrogen gas. It involves the change of chemical composition and is irreversible. The word is coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysis "separating".

Pyrolysis is most commonly applied to the treatment of organic materials. It is one of the processes involved in charring wood, starting at 200–300 °C (390–570 °F). In general, pyrolysis of organic substances produces volatile products and leaves a solid residue enriched in carbon, char. Extreme pyrolysis, which leaves mostly carbon as the residue, is called carbonization.

The process is used heavily in the chemical industry, for example, to produce ethylene, many forms of carbon, and other chemicals from petroleum, coal, and even wood, to produce coke from coal. Aspirational applications of pyrolysis would convert biomass into syngas and biochar, waste plastics back into usable oil, or waste into safely disposable substances.

Certain uses of pyrolysis are called dry distillation, destructive distillation, or cracking. The processes involve thermal depolymerization, i.e. the breaking of chemical bonds in macromolecules to give smaller fragments. The phenomenon involves exceeding the ceiling temperature of polymers.

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