First Mongol invasions of Burma
| First Mongol invasions of Burma | |||||||||
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| Part of the Mongol invasions and Kublai Khan's Campaigns | |||||||||
.png) Sites of battles (1277–1287) Pagan might have also seen a battle in 1287 |
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Yuan dynasty | Pagan Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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| Units involved | |||||||||
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Royal Burmese Army | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
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1277–78: 12,000 1283–85: 24,000+
1287: 20,000+ |
1277–78: unknown 1283–85: 10,000+ 1287: unknown |
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
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1277–78: unknown 1283–85: unknown 1287: 7000 |
1277–78: unknown 1283–85: 10,000+ 1287: unknown |
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Decisive Yuan victory
1277–78: 12,000
1283–85: 24,000+
1277–78: unknown
1283–85: 10,000+
1277–78: unknown
1283–85: unknown
1277–78: unknown
1283–85: 10,000+
The first Mongol invasions of Burma (Myanmar) (Burmese: မွန်ဂို–မြန်မာ စစ် (၁၂၇၇–၁၂၈၇)) were a series of military conflicts between Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty, division of the Mongol Empire, and the Pagan Empire that took place between 1277 and 1287. The invasions toppled the 250-year-old Pagan Empire, and the Mongol army seized Pagan territories in present-day Dehong, Yunnan and northern Burma to Tagaung. The invasions ushered in 250 years of political fragmentation in Burma and the rise of Tai-Shan states throughout mainland Southeast Asia.
The Mongols first demanded tribute from Pagan in 1271–72, as part of their drive to encircle the Song dynasty of China. When King Narathihapate refused, Emperor Kublai Khan himself sent another mission in 1273, again demanding tribute. It too was rejected. In 1275, the emperor ordered the Yunnan government to secure the borderlands in order to block an escape path for the Song, and permitted a limited border war if Pagan contested. Pagan did contest but its army was driven back at the frontier by the Mongol Army in 1277–78. After a brief lull, Kublai Khan in 1281 turned his attention to Southeast Asia, demanding tribute from Pagan, the Khmer Empire, Đại Việt and Champa. When the Burmese king again refused, the emperor ordered an invasion of northern Burma. Two dry season campaigns (1283–85) later, the Mongols had occupied down to Tagaung and Hanlin, forcing the Burmese king to flee to Lower Burma. The Mongols organized northern Burma as the province of Zhengmian.
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