First Manchu expedition to Korea

First Manchu invasion of Korea
Part of Korean–Jurchen conflicts, Qing conquest of the Ming
Date January - March 3, 1627 Location Northern Korean Peninsula Result Later Jin victory, Jin garrisons are left in Uiju and Fort Zhenjiang, Joseon is forced to open border markets, Joseon transfers suzerainty of Warka tribe to Jin, Tribute is extracted from Joseon and paid to Jin
Belligerents
Joseon Ming dynasty	Later Jin,
Commanders and leaders
Joseon Jeong Bong-su Yi Rip Jang Man Kim Sang-yong Ming dynasty: Mao Wenlong	Amin Gang Hong-rip Jirgalang Ajige Yoto Li Yongfang
Strength
Unknown	30,000

First Manchu invasion of Korea
Hangul	정묘호란
Hanja	丁卯胡亂
Revised Romanization	Jeongmyo-Horan
McCune–Reischauer	Chŏngmyo-Horan

The first Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1627, when the Later Jin under Hong Taiji commanded Amin to lead the Jurchen army against Korea's Joseon kingdom. The war ended with the Later Jin establishing itself as sovereign tributary overlord over Joseon. However Joseon continued its alliance with the Ming dynasty and showed defiance in solidifying its tributary relationship with the Jurchens. It was followed by the second Manchu invasion of Korea in 1636.

The kingdom of Joseon had previously sent 10,000 musketeers and 3,000 archers to aid the Ming dynasty in attacking the Later Jin in 1619, which culminated in an allied defeat at the Battle of Sarhu. The Joseon general Gang Hong-rip surrendered with his remaining forces and insisted that Joseon did not hold anything against the Jurchens, having only sent reinforcements to repay an obligation to Ming.

In 1623 a faction at the Joseon court known as the Westerners deposed King Gwanghaegun (Hangul: 광해군, Hanja: 光海君) and installed Injo as king. The following year Yi Gwal rebelled against King Injo, but failed in ousting him, and the rebellion was crushed. Its survivors fled to the Jin court where they recommended Hong Taiji to invade Joseon. General Gang Hong-rip was also led to believe by the survivors that his family had died in the coup, so he pushed for the invasion out of a desire for revenge.

Meanwhile the Westerners took on an explicitly pro-Ming and anti-Jurchen stance in their relations with the two states. The Ming general Mao Wenlong (Hanja: 毛文龍) engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Jurchens from an island base off the Korean peninsula. The Westerners aided him by allowing him to station his troops in Uiju.

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