Fall of Agadir

Portuguese possessions in Morocco (1415-1769). Agadir was Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gue for the Portuguese, in the southernmost part of Morocco.

Date	March–September 1541
Location	Agadir, Morocco
Result	Conquest of Agadir by Saadians

Belligerents

Portuguese Empire

Saadi Principality

Commanders and leaders

Unknown

Muhammad al-Shaykh

Strength

Unknown

Casualties and losses

Unknown

The Fall of Agadir refers to the conquest of the city of Agadir in Morocco by the Saadians against the Portuguese in 1541.

Agadir had been a Portuguese base since 1505. Before that, a few unsuccessful attempts to capture it had been made by the Spanish Governor of the Canary Islands, in 1500 and 1504. The first Portuguese fort was built privately in 1505 by a Portuguese countryman, and the King of Portugal officially acquired it in 1513, also enlarging it and calling it Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gue.

Agadir was an important base, as it was sufficiently far south to connect to the sub-Saharan trade, mainly dealing in gold and slaves. Its role was so important that the southern Saadians under Araj initially refrained from attacking the city, between 1513 and 1525, until the capture of Marrakesh, and instead attacked the cities of Safi and Azemmour.

The conquest of Agadir was finally achieved by Saadian leader Muhammad al-Shaykh. He was able to mount the campaign as a peace had been signed with the northern Wattasids, through the 1527 Treaty of Tadla.

He first built a kasbah on top of a hill to observe the city and direct his troops more efficiently. The Kasbah is still visible to this day, located about 7 kilometers from the city center.

He then set up a siege that lasted 6 months, until the Portuguese Governor of Agadir had to surrender. He used Western artillery, which he had obtained from European traders.

The city had been poorly manned and provisioned by the Portuguese. Reinforcements were too sporadic. At one point a barrel of powder exploded which opened a gaping hole in the city's defenses. The Portuguese had also lost local support following the assassination of their allies Yahia ou Ta'fuft of Safi in 1518, and Malik ibn Mawud of Agadir in 1521.

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