Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
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| Public law | Pub.L. 89–10 |
| Statutes at Large | 79 Stat. 27 |
| Codification | |
| Acts amended | Pub.L. 81–874, 64 Stat. 1100; Pub.L. 83–531, 68 Stat. 533 |
| U.S.C. sections created | 20 U.S.C. ch. 70 |
| Legislative history | |
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| Major amendments | |
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Bilingual Education Act Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 No Child Left Behind Act Every Student Succeeds Act |
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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was passed as a part of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson's "War on Poverty" and has been the most far-reaching federal legislation affecting education ever passed by the United States Congress. The act is an extensive statute that funds primary and secondary education. It also emphasizes equal access to education and establishes high standards and accountability. In addition, the bill aims to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing each child with fair and equal opportunities to achieve an exceptional education. As mandated in the act, the funds are authorized for professional development, instructional materials, for resources to support educational programs, and for parental involvement promotion. The act was originally authorized through 1965; however, the government has reauthorized the act every five years since its enactment. The reauthorization of ESEA by President George W. Bush was known as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. ESEA was reauthorized on December 10, 2015 as the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) by President Barack Obama. The ESEA also allows military recruiters access to 11th and 12th grade students' names, addresses, and telephone listings when requested.
On January 12, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson urged Congressional action to improve education opportunities for America's children. Wary of popular fears regarding increased federal involvement in local schools, the Johnson administration advocated giving local districts great leeway to use the new funds, which were to be first distributed as grants to each state. Shortly thereafter, Carl D. Perkins (D-KY), the chair of the General Education Subcommittee of the House Committee on Education and Labor introduced H.R. 2362. With the Johnson administration's support, and after significant wrangling over the structure of the bill's funding formula committee, the full committee voted 23-8 to report it on March 2, 1965. Following a failed attempt to derail the bill by Representative Howard K. Smith (D-VA), the House passed H.R. 2362 on March 26, 1965 in a 263-153 roll-call vote.
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