Edward Kravitz

Edward Arthur Kravitz, Ph.D. (born December 19, 1932) is the George Packer Berry Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. Early in his scientific career Ed and colleagues demonstrated that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions as a neurotransmitter. In addition, he and Antony Stretton were the first to use the intracellular dye procion yellow to visualize neuronal architecture. Later, Ed’s work with neuroamines demonstrated that serotonin and octopamine act as synaptic modulators. Ed continued to explore the function of amines using Homarus americanus, the American lobster, as a model organism to study aggression. He currently works on aggressive behavior using the genetically manipulable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly.

Ed Kravitz was born in New York to Ada Machlus and Isadore Kravitz. He has one older brother, Bill, born in 1929. Kravitz grew up in The Bronx during the Great Depression. More than once he skipped an entire grade in order to be challenged in school and ended up in college at age 16. Ed met his wife Kathryn Anne Frakes at the University of Michigan; they were married in 1959. Together they had two sons, David (b. February 21, 1964) and James (b. May 14, 1966).

After graduating from Evander Childs High School in The Bronx, Ed remained in the neighborhood he grew up in and began his studies at City College of New York (CCNY). In 1954 Ed graduated from CCNY with a double major in Biology and Chemistry. Unsure of what to do next, Ed applied to be an officer in the U.S. Army Medical Corps as well as to two medical schools, and for a Research Assistant position. He ended up at Sloan-Kettering in the laboratory of George Tarnowski. Under the supervision of George Tarnowski, Lou Kaplan, a young biochemist at the time, and Christine Riley, director of the chemotherapy unit, Ed began an independent research project studying amino acid metabolism in ascites tumor cells. It was this experience that led to Ed’s decision to pursue a career as a Scientist. In 1954, Ed began graduate school at the University of Michigan. Ed met a lot of great colleagues at this time, including Marshall Nirenberg with whom he shared an apartment on Huron Avenue in Ann Arbor. Ed’s thesis work was done in the laboratory of Armand Guarino and led to his first paper “On the effect of inorganic phosphate on hexose phosphate metabolism” which was published in the journal Science. In 1959 Ed received his Ph.D. in Biological Chemistry and began working in Earl Stadtman’s laboratory at the National Institutes of Health. Although at one time Ed planned on pursuing two additional post-doctoral positions after studying morphine metabolism in the Stadtman laboratory, he was recruited to Harvard Medical School by Steve Kuffler in 1960. Almost immediately, Ed began working with Steve Kuffler, Dave Potter and Nico van Gelder on the experiments that would eventually demonstrate that GABA functions as a neurotransmitter. From his biochemistry training and friends at NIH, Ed knew that by growing Pseudomonas fluorescens on GABA as a sole carbon source, an enzymatic assay could be used to quantify the amount of GABA in the neurons of crustaceans. Using this enzymatic assay, the group quickly learned that GABA was highly expressed in inhibitory neurons. Later Ed worked with Masanori Otsuka, Les Iversen, and Zach Hall to show that GABA was released from inhibitory neurons of lobsters. While today Ed’s work on GABA is well respected, it was quite controversial when first presented publicly. After Ed’s first talk on the work at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, David Nachmanson commented “Well, we don’t know what that little bit of an amino acid that you see being released is when you stimulate a nerve, but it certainly is not a chemical transmitter compound, because we all know that transmission is electrical”.

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