Ecuadorian-Colombian War

Date	1863
Location	United States of Colombia
Result	Colombian victory

Belligerents

Ecuador

United States of Colombia

Commanders and leaders

General Juan José Flores

Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera

Strength

6,000

4,000

Casualties and losses

1,500 KIA or WIA

2,000 captured

1,500 KIA or WIA

The Ecuadorian–Colombian War, or War of the Cauca (Guerra del Cauca), occurred in 1863 between the United States of Colombia, (now Colombia and Panama), and the Republic of Ecuador. Under the Spanish Empire, Colombia and Ecuador had been part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, and upon independence from Spain, they had co-existed as part of Greater Colombia between 1819 and 1831. Periodic border disputes, arising from the lack of clear borders under the Spanish, were combined with occasional attempts to recreate Greater Colombia to produce tensions. In 1861, conservative Gabriel Garcia Moreno (1821–75) became president of Ecuador and soon attempted to unify his country, which was sharply divided by class, regional, and language differences, by handing over much power to the Roman Catholic Church, which he considered to be the people's chief social tie to achieving a sense of nationalism. That decision deeply polarized Ecuadorian politics, as liberals generally viewed the Church as an obstacle to social and political progress.

Colombia's liberal president, Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera (1798–1878), provided aid to Ecuadorian liberals, who wished to overthrow Garcia Moreno. In 1863, he also began to push for a recreation of Greater Colombia and demanded a meeting on the border with Garcia Moreno in which the details of such an arrangement were to be decided. When Garcia Moreno did not show up, Mosquera brought an army into the border region, prompting Garcia Moreno to send a force of 6000 men force under his elderly father-in-law, General Juan José Flores (1800–1864). Flores crossed the border, leading to the December 6, 1863, Battle of Cuaspad, in which some 4,000 Colombians under Mosquera utterly defeated the invaders, about 1,500 of whom were slain or wounded and 2,000 taken captive.

Mosquera subsequently brought his army into Ecuadorian territory, reaching the town of Ibarra without encountering any resistance, but the two sides then agreed to an armistice. Subsequent negotiations led to the Treaty of Pinsaqui, signed December 30, 1863, in which the two sides agreed to a return to the prewar status quo.

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