Duke of Nassau

Duchy of Nassau
Herzogtum Nassau (de)
State of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) State of the German Confederation (1815–1866)
1806–1866
Flag Coat of arms
The Duchy of Nassau in 1815.
Capital		Weilburg (1806–1816) Wiesbaden (1816–1866)
Languages		Moselle Franconian
Government		Constitutional monarchy
Duke of Nassau
•	1806–1816	Frederick Augustus
•	1816–1839	William
•	1839–1866	Adolph
Historical era		Modern era
•	Established	30 August 1806
•	Annexed by Prussia	23 August 1866
Currency		Kronenthaler
Preceded by Succeeded by Nassau-Weilburg Nassau-Usingen Principality of Orange-Nassau Hesse-Nassau

The Duchy of Nassau (German: Herzogtum Nassau), or simply Nassau, was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse. It was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine and later of the German Confederation. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the House of Nassau. The duchy was named for its historical core city, Nassau, although Nassau was not its capital. As of 1865, it had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866, it was succeeded by the Province of Hesse-Nassau. The area today is a geographical and historical region, Nassau, and Nassau is also the name of the Nassau Nature Park within the borders of the former duchy.

Today, the Grand Duke of Luxembourg still uses "Duke of Nassau" as his secondary title (of pretense), and "Prince" or "Princess of Nassau" is used as a title of pretense by other members of the grand ducal family. Nassau is also part of the name of the Dutch Royal Family, which styles itself Orange-Nassau.

On 17 July 1806, the remaining counties of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg joined the Confederation of the Rhine. Under pressure from Napoleon I both counties merged to form the Duchy of Nassau on 30 August 1806, under the joint rule of Frederick Augustus, and his younger cousin Frederick William. As Frederick August had no heirs, he agreed that Frederick William should become sole ruler after his death. However Frederick William died from a fall on the stairs at Weilburg Castle on 9 January 1816, and it was his son William who became Duke of Nassau.