Diego de Guadalajara expedition

The Diego de Guadalajara expedition of 1654 was a Spanish expedition dispatched to follow up on the finding of freshwater pearls from pearl mussels in the Concho River in what is now Texas. Although results were disappointing, the expedition led to continued contact with the people of the area and then to Spanish settlement in and around San Angelo, Texas.

In 1650 Hernando de Ugarte y la Concha, Governor of New Mexico, dispatched an expedition from Santa Fe, led by Captains Diego del Castillo and Hernan Martin, to explore what is now north central Texas. The Castillo-Martin expedition travelled about 520 miles (840 km) southeast from Santa Fe along the route that had been taken by the Dominican friar Juan de Salas when he visited the Jumano Indians in 1632. They reached the Concho River, and then what they called the Río de las Perlas ("Pearl River"). They named the Concho River ("river of shells") after the Tampico pearly mussel (Cyrtonaias tampicoensis) which they found there.

Some members of the expedition went another 130 miles (210 km) southeast until they came to the boundary of the large and populous territory of the Tejas Indians, but did not continue further because they were unsure of how they would be received. The Tejas chief heard of the Spanish presence and sent an envoy to meet with them. The expedition remained in the region for six months, and collected samples of the freshwater pearls. These were sent to Luis Enríquez de Guzmán, 9th Count of Alba de Liste and Viceroy of New Spain, and were part of the reason for the subsequent Guadalajara expedition.

The Diego de Guadalajara entrada (expedition) was launched in 1654 to follow up on Castillo's findings. The expedition probably set out before Easter of 1654, led by Sergeant Major Diego de Gaulalajara and including thirty soldiers and 200 Christian Indians, and travelled to the Concho River in Jumano country as had the previous expedition. According to Christoval de Anaya, speaking in 1663 when on trial for heresy, the expedition traveled 300 leagues east for nine months through country inhabited by friendly but non-Christian Indians.

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