Conus medullaris

Conus medullaris
Cauda equina and filum terminale seen from behind. The dura mater has been opened and spread out, and the arachnoid mater has been removed.
Identifiers
TA	A14.1.02.004
FMA	74897
Anatomical terminology []

The conus medullaris (Latin for "medullary cone") or conus terminalis is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), occasionally lower. The upper end of the conus medullaris is usually not well defined.

After the spinal cord tapers out, the spinal nerves continue to branch out diagonally, forming the cauda equina.

The pia mater that surrounds the spinal cord, however, projects directly downward, forming a slender filament called the filum terminale, which connects the conus medullaris to the back of the coccyx. The filum terminale provides a connection between the conus medullaris and the coccyx which stabilizes the entire spinal cord.

The blood supply consists of three spinal arterial vessels— the anterior median longitudinal arterial trunk and the right and left posterior spinal arteries. Other less prominent sources of blood supply include radicular arterial branches from the aorta, lateral sacral arteries, and the fifth lumbar, iliolumbar, and middle sacral arteries. The latter contribute more to the vascular supply of the cauda equina.

Conus medullaris syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms associated with injury to the conus medullaris. It typically causes back pain and bowel and bladder dysfunction but weakness and sensory loss is uncommon. Comparatively, cauda equina syndrome may cause radicular pain, bowel/bladder dysfunction, saddle anesthesia and lower extremity weakness at the level of the lumbar and sacral roots.