Coffee berry borer
| Coffee borer beetle | |
|---|---|
 |
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| adults on damaged bean | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Subfamily: | Scolytinae |
| Genus: | Hypothenemus |
| Species: | H. hampei |
| Binomial name | |
|
Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) |
|
| Synonyms | |
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Cryphalus hampei Ferrari, 1867 |
|
Cryphalus hampei Ferrari, 1867
Stephanoderes hampei Ferrari, 1871
Stephanoderes coffeae Hagedorn, 1910
Xyleborus coffeivorus Van der Weele, 1910
Xyleborus cofeicola Campos Novaes, 1922
Hypothenemus coffeae (Hagedorn)
The coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) is a small beetle native to Africa. It is among the most harmful pests to coffee crops across the world where coffee is cultivated.Spanish common names of the insect include barrenador del café, gorgojo del café, and broca del café.
Females have two larval stages and males only one. They have strong mandibles, and their larval phase lasts 10 to 26 days. The adults are small black beetles. Females are 1.4–1.8 mm long. The males are 1.2–1.6 mm long. Female beetles can fly short distances; males have rudimentary wings. H. hampei is confused sometimes with the false coffee berry borer (H. obscurus or H. seriatus) and Xylosandrus (Scolytidae), but these species do not enter the coffee bean endosperm.
The maturation of the insect (from egg to adult) lasts between 24 and 45 days, varying according to the weather. Usually, the female drills the berry through the central disc, although it can enter through the side walls if the fruit is dry. Two days after the access, the beetle lays 35–50 eggs, which produce 13 females for each male. The lifespan for females is 35–190 days and for males 40 days. The new insects mate inside the seed. Some females lay the eggs in the same coffee plant, others colonise new ones. The males never leave the fruit.
The same plant can host three to five generations of beetles. Up to 100 beetles can be found in a single fruit. The insect is very sensitive to desiccation, and waits for the rains to leave the fruit. The most affected areas in the crops are the shady and moist ones.
The main host of H. hampei is Coffea arabica, but other coffee species have been affected in some cases. The female beetles attack the fruits from 8 weeks past the flowering to 32 weeks. When the insect enters, it builds galleries in the endosperm where the eggs are deposited.
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Wikipedia