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Cocaine hydrochloride

Cocaine
Kokain - Cocaine.svg
Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png
Clinical data
Trade names Psicaine, Delcaine, Ensan Cocaine
Synonyms Benzoylmethylecgonine, coke
AHFS/Drugs.com Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Pregnancy
category
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Dependence
liability
Addiction
liability
High
Routes of
administration
Topical, oral, insufflation, intravenous
Drug class
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability
Metabolism liver CYP3A4
Onset of action seconds to minutes
Biological half-life 1 hour
Duration of action 5 to 90 minutes
Excretion Kidney
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.030
Chemical and physical data
Formula C17H21NO4
Molar mass 303.353 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point 98 °C (208 °F)
Boiling point 187 °C (369 °F)
Solubility in water ~1.8 mg/mL (20 °C)
See also: data page
 NYesY (what is this?)  

Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or as a solution injected into a vein. Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and large pupils. High doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes. Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery.

Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the reward pathway in the brain. After a short period of use, there is a high risk that dependence will occur. Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, and sudden cardiac death. Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar, which can result in additional toxicity. Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure and be very physically tired.

Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This results in greater concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain. It can easily cross the blood–brain barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier. Cocaine is a naturally occurring substance found in the coca plant which are mostly grown in South America. In 2013, 419 kilograms were produced legally. It is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to 500 billion USD each year. With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine.


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