Charnockite

Charnockite (pronunciation: /ˈtʃɑːrnəkaɪt/) is applied to any orthopyroxene-bearing quartz-feldspar rock, composed mainly of quartz, perthite or antiperthite and orthopyroxene (usually hypersthene) formed at high temperature and pressure, commonly found in granulite facies metamorphic terrain, as an end-member of the charnockite series.

The charnockite suite or series is a particularly widespread form of granofels. Granofels are one of the few non-foliated rocks to form under relatively high temperatures and pressures. This combination is generated only deep in the crust by tectonic forces that operate on a grand scale, so granofels is a product of regional, rather than contact, metamorphism. It is formed mostly from the granite clan of rocks, or occasionally from thoroughly reconstituted clays and shales. It is of wide distribution and great importance in India, Ceylon, Madagascar and Africa. It was named by geologist T. H. Holland in 1893 after the tombstone of Job Charnock, the founder of Calcutta, in St John's Church in Calcutta, India, which is made of this rock.

The charnockite series includes rocks of many different types, some being felsic and rich in quartz and microcline, others mafic and full of pyroxene and olivine, while there are also intermediate varieties corresponding mineralogically to norites, quartz-norites and diorites. A special feature, recurring in many members of the group, is the presence of strongly pleochroic, reddish or green hypersthene. They may be named by adding orthopyroxene or specifically hypersthene to the normal igneous nomenclature (e.g. hypersthene-granite), but specific names are in widespread use such as norite, mangerite, enderbite, jotunite, farsundite, opdalite and charnockite (in the strict sense); equivalents of gabbro, monzonite, tonalite, monzodiorite, monzogranite, granodiorite and granite.

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