Channel Tunnel

Channel Tunnel
Overview
Map of the Channel Tunnel
Location	English Channel (Strait of Dover)
Coordinates	51°00′45″N 1°30′15″E / 51.0125°N 1.5041°E / 51.0125; 1.5041Coordinates: 51°00′45″N 1°30′15″E / 51.0125°N 1.5041°E / 51.0125; 1.5041
Status	Active
Start	Folkestone, Kent, England, United Kingdom (51°5′49.5″N 1°9′21″E / 51.097083°N 1.15583°E / 51.097083; 1.15583 (Folkestone Portal))
End	Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais, Hauts-de-France, France (50°55′22″N 1°46′50.16″E / 50.92278°N 1.7806000°E / 50.92278; 1.7806000 (Coquelles Portal))
Operation
Opened	6 May 1994 (1994-05-06) (tunnel) 14 November 1994 (passenger service)
Owner	Eurotunnel
Operator	Eurotunnel Eurostar DB Schenker Rail (UK)
Character	Through-rail passenger and freight. Vehicle shuttle.
Technical
Line length	50.45 km (31.35 mi)
No. of tracks	2 single track tunnels 1 service tunnel
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) (standard gauge)
Electrified	25 kV AC OHLE, 5.87 m
Operating speed	160 kilometres per hour (99 mph)

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The Channel Tunnel (French: Le tunnel sous la Manche; also nicknamed and shortened to Chunnel) is a 50.45-kilometre (31.35 mi) rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent, in the United Kingdom, with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais, near Calais in northern France, beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. At its lowest point, it is 75 m (250 ft) deep below the sea bed, and 115 m (380 ft) below sea level. At 37.9 kilometres (23.5 mi), the tunnel has the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world, although the Seikan Tunnel in Japan is both longer overall at 53.85 kilometres (33.46 mi) and deeper at 240 metres (790 ft) below sea level. The speed limit for trains in the tunnel is 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph).

The tunnel carries high-speed Eurostar passenger trains, the Eurotunnel Shuttle for road vehicles—the largest such transport in the world—and international freight trains. The tunnel connects end-to-end with the LGV Nord and High Speed 1 high-speed railway lines.

Ideas for a cross-Channel fixed link appeared as early as 1802, but British political and press pressure over the compromising of national security stalled attempts to construct a tunnel. An early attempt at building a Channel Tunnel was made in the late 19th century, on the English side "in the hope of forcing the hand of the English Government". The eventual successful project, organised by Eurotunnel, began construction in 1988 and opened in 1994. At £5.5 billion (1985 prices), it was at the time the most expensive construction project ever proposed. The cost finally came in at £9 billion ($21 billion), well over its predicted budget. Since its construction, the tunnel has faced several problems. Both fires and cold weather have temporarily disrupted its operation.Illegal immigrants have attempted to use the tunnel to enter the UK, causing a minor diplomatic disagreement over the siting of the refugee camp at Sangatte, which was eventually closed in 2002. Migrants have also died attempting to cross through the tunnel.

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Wikipedia