Carbonated drinks

In chemistry, carbonation refers to two chemical processes involving the binding of carbon dioxide to substrates. Various applications or manifestations of this reaction are listed in order of their relative scale.

In biochemistry. Carbon-based life originates from a carbonation reaction that is most often catalysed by the enzyme RuBisCO. So important is this carbonation process that a significant fraction of leaf mass consists of this carbonating enzyme.

The production of urea, a widely used fertilizer, involves the combination of carbon dioxide and ammonia:

In inorganic chemistry, carbonation occurs widely. Metal oxides and metal hydroxides react with CO₂ to give complexes of carbonate and bicarbonate. In reinforced concrete construction, the chemical reaction between carbon dioxide in the air and calcium hydroxide and hydrated calcium silicate in the concrete is known as neutralisation. Low valent metal complexes react with CO₂ to give metal carbon dioxide complexes. In organometallic chemistry, carbonation involves the insertion of CO₂ into metal-carbon bonds. The topic has attracted great interest for organic synthesis and even as a means of utilizing CO₂ as a feedstock.

Carbonation is a means of generating carbon-carbon bonds., stoichiometric and catalytic CO₂

Carbonation of Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds provides a way to convert organic halides into carboxylic acids.

N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) supported Cu^I complexes catalyze carboxylation of organoboronic esters.. The catalyst forms in situ from CuCl, an NHC ligand, and KO^tBu. Copper tert-butoxide can transmetallate with the organoboronic ester to generate the Cu^I-C bond, which intermediate can insert into CO₂ smoothly to get the respective carboxylate. Salt metathesis with KO^tBu releases product and regenerates catalyst (Scheme 2).

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