Caracalla
| Caracalla | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Joint 22nd Emperor of the Roman Empire | |||||
| Reign | 198 – 8 April 217 | ||||
| Predecessor | Septimius Severus | ||||
| Successor | Macrinus | ||||
| Co-emperors |
Septimius Severus (198–211) Geta (209–211) |
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| Born |
4 April 188 Lugdunum |
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| Died | 8 April 217 (aged 29) On the road between Edessa and Carrhae |
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| Wife | |||||
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| Dynasty | Severan | ||||
| Father | Septimius Severus | ||||
| Mother | Julia Domna | ||||
| Full name | |
|---|---|
| Lucius Septimius Bassianus (from birth to 195); Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar (195 to 198); Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (198 to 211); Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Pius Augustus (211 to death) |
| Roman imperial dynasties | |||
| Severan dynasty | |||
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The Severan Tondo |
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| Chronology | |||
| Septimius Severus | 193–198 | ||
| —with Caracalla | 198–209 | ||
| —with Caracalla and Geta | 209–211 | ||
| Caracalla and Geta | 211–211 | ||
| Caracalla | 211–217 | ||
| Interlude: Macrinus | 217–218 | ||
| Elagabalus | 218–222 | ||
| Alexander Severus | 222–235 | ||
| Dynasty | |||
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Severan dynasty family tree All biographies |
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| Succession | |||
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Preceded by Year of the Five Emperors |
Followed by Crisis of the Third Century |
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Caracalla (/ˌkærəˈkælə/; 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), formally Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus, was Roman emperor from AD 198 to 217. A member of the Severan Dynasty, he was the eldest son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna. Caracalla reigned jointly with his father from 198 until Severus' death in 211. Caracalla then ruled jointly with his younger brother Geta, with whom he had a fraught relationship, until he had Geta murdered later that year. Caracalla's reign was marked by domestic instability and external invasions from the Germanic people.
Caracalla's reign was notable for the Antonine Constitution (Latin: Constitutio Antoniniana), also known as the Edict of Caracalla, which granted Roman citizenship to nearly all freemen throughout the Roman Empire. The edict gave all the enfranchised men Caracalla's adopted praenomen and nomen: "Marcus Aurelius". Domestically, Caracalla was known for the construction of the Baths of Caracalla, the second largest baths in Rome, for the introduction of a new Roman currency named the antoninianus, a sort of double denarius, and for the massacres he enacted against the people of Rome and elsewhere in the empire. Towards the end of his rule, Caracalla began a campaign against the Parthian Empire. He did not see this campaign through to completion due to his assassination by a disaffected soldier in 217. He was succeeded as emperor by Macrinus after three days.
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