Canada competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from August 5 to August 21, 2016. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Canadian athletes had appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. The chef de mission was Curt Harnett, appointed in April 2016 after Jean-Luc Brassard, the original chef de mission, resigned his position.

A total of 314 athletes, 128 men and 186 women, over 27 sports (except handball) represented the country, a stark contrast from 2012 with an increase of 37 athletes. The team also consisted of 98 coaches and 107 support staff (such as doctors and physiotherapists among others). Originally, 312 athletes were named to the team, however two male athletes were added on July 29, 2016 in kayaking, thus bringing the total to 314. Canada qualified five squads in team sports, matching the record high from 1984. Canada's official goal (set by Own the Podium) for these games were at least 19 medals of any colour (an improvement of one or more from 2012), and a top 12 finish in terms of overall medals won. Canada left the games with 22 medals (ranked in the top ten in terms of overall medals), which matched the total from the 1996 Games in Atlanta, the previous high for a non-boycotted games. Canadian athletes were paid for medals earned. Gold medalists earned $20,000; silver medalists were paid $15,000; and bronze medalists $10,000, coming from the Athlete Excellence Fund.

Rosie MacLennan, trampoline gymnast and the country's sole gold medalist in 2012, was named as Canada's flagbearer in the opening ceremony. Swimmer Penny Oleksiak broke the country's Olympic record for most medals (4) won by a single Canadian athlete in any Summer Olympic Games, as well as becoming the youngest ever Canadian gold medalist. At the end of the Games, she was appointed as the flagbearer for the team at the closing ceremony, becoming Canada's youngest flag-bearer in Olympic history.

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