Black Hills, South Dakota

Black Hills
The Needles, Black Hills
Highest point
Peak	Black Elk Peak
Elevation	7,242 ft (2,207 m)
Coordinates	43°59′N 103°45′W / 43.983°N 103.750°W / 43.983; -103.750Coordinates: 43°59′N 103°45′W / 43.983°N 103.750°W / 43.983; -103.750
Dimensions
Area	5,000 sq mi (13,000 km2)
Geography
Black Hills
Country	United States
State	South Dakota
Geology
Orogeny	Trans-Hudson and Laramide
Age of rock	Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic and Tertiary
Type of rock	Shale, sandstone, limestone, slate, quartzite and granite

The Black Hills (Lakota: Ȟe Sápa; Cheyenne: Moʼȯhta-voʼhonáaeva; Hidatsa: awaxaawi shiibisha) are a small and isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, United States.Black Elk Peak (formerly known as Harney Peak), which rises to 7,244 feet (2,208 m), is the range's highest summit. The Black Hills encompass the Black Hills National Forest. The name "Black Hills" is a translation of the Lakota Pahá Sápa. The hills were so-called because of their dark appearance from a distance, as they were covered in trees.

Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills. After conquering the Cheyenne in 1776, the Lakota took over the territory of the Black Hills, which became central to their culture. In 1868, the U.S. government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, establishing the Great Sioux Reservation west of the Missouri River, and exempting the Black Hills from all white settlement forever. However, when settlers discovered gold there in 1874, as a result of George Armstrong Custer's Black Hills Expedition, miners swept into the area in a gold rush. The US government took back the Black Hills and in 1889 reassigned the Lakota, against their wishes, to five smaller reservations in western South Dakota, selling off 9 million acres of their former land. Unlike most of South Dakota, the Black Hills were settled by European Americans primarily from population centers to the west and south of the region, as miners flocked there from earlier gold boom locations in Colorado and Montana.