Ben Naphtali

ben Naphtali was a rabbi and Masorete who flourished about 890-940, probably in Tiberias. Of his life little is known. His first name is in dispute. Some medieval authorities called him "Jacob"; two Chufut-Kale manuscripts have "Moses b. David"; a third contains his autoepigraph, which unfortunately is incomplete, only "ben David ben Naphtali" remaining. His name is most likely Abu Imrān, Moshe Ben David Ben Naphtali as preserved in Mishael Ben Uzziel's 11th century treatise (see below) and in the Geniza fragment T-S, K27, 36 in the University Library at Cambridge.

ben Naphtali wrote a Bible with vowels, accents, and Masorah, wherein he differed in some respects from his contemporary and rival, Aaron ben Moses ben Asher. This Bible codex has not been preserved, but the differences between its author and Abu Sa'id Aharon Ben Moshe Ben Asher (generally called: Ben Asher) are found in incomplete Masoretic lists found in quotations in David Ḳimḥi, Norzi, and other medieval writers as well as in MSS such as British Museum MS. Harley 1528 [5]. These lists are printed in the rabbinical Bibles, in the texts of Baer-Delitzsch and Ginsburg's Masorah vol. iii [starting page 6, [6]. A complete list of these differences can be found in Mishael Ben Uzziel's treatise Kitāb Al-Khilaf, the book of the Ḥillufim (Differences), which is thought to have been written before 1050. It was reconstructed from fragments and critically edited by Lazar Lipschütz in 1965. The differences between ben Naphtali and ben Asher number about 860, about nine-tenths of which refer to the placing of the accents מתג and געיא. The remaining ones have reference to דגש and רפה, to vowels, accents, and consonantal spelling. For a simple list of differences between ben Naphtali and ben Asher, see ben Naphtali at the Jewish Encyclopedia. For the complete list of differences between Ben Naphtali and ben Asher, see the Kitab al-Khilaf above as it was published by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

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