The community from which the city of Bartlett grew was first called Union Depot and Green Bottom. It was the last major way station in Tennessee along the stagecoach route from Nashville westward and came into being about 1830. When the Memphis & Ohio Railroad took the place of the stages, Bartlett continued as a depot. This was a farming community, with major plantations along Stage Road.

On November 1, 1866, with a population of less than 100, the city was officially incorporated and the name changed to Bartlett. Upon incorporation, Bryan Wither was named the city's inaugural mayor. It was named for Major Gabriel M. Bartlett, a planter, whose homeplace was located on the old Raleigh-Somerville Road (Stage Road) at the present location of Bartlett Station Plaza.

Bartlett is located at 35°13′23″N 89°50′28″W / 35.22306°N 89.84111°W / 35.22306; -89.84111 (35.222990, -89.841170), adjacent to the northeastern boundary of Memphis.

According to the City of Bartlett, the city limits encompass a total area of 23.42 square miles (60.7 km²). The annexation reserves of the city extend another 20.54 square miles (53.2 km²).

Bartlett's public school system was part of the Shelby County Schools Until the end of the 2013-2014 school year. On July 16, 2013, the residents of Bartlett approved a referendum to form a Bartlett City School District. This district launched in fall 2014 and includes the 11 school buildings within Bartlett city limits, according to an agreement reached between parties to a federal lawsuit. The district's superintendent is David Stephens, former deputy superintendent of Shelby County Schools.

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