Amr ibn Hishām

Amr ibn Hisham (Arabic: عمرو بن هشام‎‎), often known as Abu Gahel and Abu Jahl (Arabic: أبو جهل‎‎), (born 556? — died 17 March 624), was one of the Meccan polytheist pagan Qurayshi leaders known for his critical opposition towards the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the early Muslims in Mecca.

He was brother to Umar Ibn Abi Rabi'ah and the uncle of Umar ibn al-Khattab and one of the arch-enemies of Muhammad and the flag-bearer of opposition towards Islam and the early Muslims. Islam views him as having malevolence and enmity to such an extent that Muhammad gave him the title of "The Pharaoh of this Ummah" Muhammad said, “He who calls Abu Jahl 'Abu Hakam' has made a serious mistake. He should seek forgiveness from Allah for this.”

Contrary to popular belief, Abu Jahl was not an uncle (i.e. blood-relation) to Muhammad. Muhammad belonged to the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe, whereas Abu Jahl belonged to the Banu Makhzūm clan of the Quraysh. Abu Jahl was also known as Asadul ahlaf (lion of the opposing groups who had sworn to fight against Islam and Muhammad).

His epithet was "Abu al-Ḥakam" (ابوالحكم), ("Father of wisdom") as he was considered a man of deep wisdom, intelligence and understanding by the elders of Quraysh for which they trusted his opinion and relied on him as an elite member of their assembly. Even at the age of thirty, he used to attend the special assemblies held at Dār’un Nadwa, the residence owned by Ḥakīm ibn Ḥizām, although the rule of age of entry to these private assemblies was at least forty.

‘Amr ibn Hishām showed relentless animosity to Muhammad and rejected his message. Therefore Muhammad referred him as Abu Jahl (أبو جهل') ("Father of Ignorance"). ‘Amr ibn Hishām was also called Ibn al-Ḥanẓalīya from his mother's side.

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