Ammoniacal
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| Names | |||
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IUPAC name
Azane
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| Other names
Hydrogen nitride
Trihydrogen nitride |
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| Identifiers | |||
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3D model (JSmol)
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| 3DMet | B00004 | ||
| 3587154 | |||
| ChEBI | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.028.760 | ||
| EC Number | 231-635-3 | ||
| 79 | |||
| KEGG | |||
| MeSH | Ammonia | ||
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PubChem CID
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| RTECS number | BO0875000 | ||
| UNII | |||
| UN number | 1005 | ||
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| Properties | |||
| NH3 | |||
| Molar mass | 17.031 g/mol | ||
| Appearance | Colourless gas | ||
| Odor | strong pungent odour | ||
| Density | 0.86 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at boiling point) 0.769 kg/m3 (STP) |
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| Melting point | −77.73 °C (−107.91 °F; 195.42 K) (Triple point at 6.060 kPa, 195.4 K) | ||
| Boiling point | −33.34 °C (−28.01 °F; 239.81 K) | ||
| 47% w/w (0 °C) 31% w/w (25 °C) 18% w/w (50 °C) |
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| Solubility | soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol, methanol | ||
| Vapor pressure | 857.3 kPa | ||
| Acidity (pKa) | 32.5 (−33 °C), 10.5 (DMSO) | ||
| Basicity (pKb) | 4.75 | ||
| -18.0·10−6 cm3/mol | |||
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Refractive index (nD)
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1.3327 | ||
| Viscosity | 0.276 cP (−40 °C) | ||
| Structure | |||
| C3v | |||
| Trigonal pyramid | |||
| 1.42 D | |||
| Thermochemistry | |||
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Std molar
entropy (S |
193 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||
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Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH |
−46 kJ·mol−1 | ||
| Hazards | |||
| Safety data sheet |
See: data page ICSC 0414 (anhydrous) |
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| GHS pictograms |
   
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| H221, H280, H314, H331, H400 | |||
| P210, P261, P273, P280, P305+351+338, P310 | |||
| NFPA 704 | |||
| Flash point | flammable gas | ||
| 651 °C (1,204 °F; 924 K) | |||
| Explosive limits | 15–28% | ||
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
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LD50 (median dose)
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0.015 mL/kg (human, oral) | ||
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LC50 (median concentration)
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40,300 ppm (rat, 10 min) 28595 ppm (rat, 20 min) 20300 ppm (rat, 40 min) 11590 ppm (rat, 1 hr) 7338 ppm (rat, 1 hr) 4837 ppm (mouse, 1 hr) 9859 ppm (rabbit, 1 hr) 9859 ppm (cat, 1 hr) 2000 ppm (rat, 4 hr) 4230 ppm (mouse, 1 hr) |
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LCLo (lowest published)
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5000 ppm (mammal, 5 min) 5000 ppm (human, 5 min) |
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| US health exposure limits (NIOSH): | |||
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PEL (Permissible)
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50 ppm (25 ppm ACGIH- TLV; 35 ppm STEL) | ||
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REL (Recommended)
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TWA 25 ppm (18 mg/m3) ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m3) | ||
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IDLH (Immediate danger)
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300 ppm | ||
| Related compounds | |||
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Other cations
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Phosphine Arsine Stibine |
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Related nitrogen hydrides
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Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid |
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Related compounds
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Ammonium hydroxide | ||
| Supplementary data page | |||
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Refractive index (n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc. |
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Thermodynamic
data |
Phase behaviour solid–liquid–gas |
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| UV, IR, NMR, MS | |||
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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 (what is   ?) |
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| Infobox references | |||
Trihydrogen nitride
0.769 kg/m3 (STP)
0.73 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at 15 °C)
681.9 kg/m3 at −33.3 °C (liquid) See also Ammonia (data page)
817 kg/m3 at −80 °C (transparent solid)
Ammonia or azane is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. The simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products.
Although common in nature and in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.
The global industrial production of ammonia in 2014 was 176 million tonnes (173,000,000 long tons; 194,000,000 short tons), a 16% increase over the 2006 global industrial production of 152 million tonnes (150,000,000 long tons; 168,000,000 short tons). Industrial ammonia is sold either as ammonia liquor (usually 28% ammonia in water) or as pressurized or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tank cars or cylinders.
NH3 boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one atmosphere, so the liquid must be stored under pressure or at low temperature. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of NH3 in water. The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the Baumé scale (density), with 26 degrees baumé (about 30% (by weight) ammonia at 15.5 °C or 59.9 °F) being the typical high-concentration commercial product.
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